Lesson 5
Intent
An Intent is a messaging object you can use to request an action from another app component. Although intents facilitate communication between components in several ways, there are three fundamental use-cases:
- To start an activity - An Activity represents a single screen in an app. You can start a new instance of an Activity by passing an Intent to startActivity(). The Intent describes the activity to start and carries any necessary data. If you want to receive a result from the activity when it finishes, call startActivityForResult(). Your activity receives the result as a separate Intent object in your activity's onActivityResult() callback.
- To start a service - A Service is a component that performs operations in the background without a user interface. You can start a service to perform a one-time operation (such as download a file) by passing an Intent to startService(). The Intent describes the service to start and carries any necessary data. If the service is designed with a client-server interface, you can bind to the service from another component by passing an Intent to bindService().
- To deliver a broadcast - A broadcast is a message that any app can receive. The system delivers various broadcasts for system events, such as when the system boots up or the device starts charging. You can deliver a broadcast to other apps by passing an Intent to sendBroadcast(), sendOrderedBroadcast(), or sendStickyBroadcast().
Intent Types
There are two types of intents:
- Explicit intents specify the component to start by name (the fully-qualified class name). You'll typically use an explicit intent to start a component in your own app, because you know the class name of the activity or service you want to start. For example, start a new activity in response to a user action or start a service to download a file in the background.
- Implicit intents do not name a specific component, but instead declare a general action to perform, which allows a component from another app to handle it. For example, if you want to show the user a location on a map, you can use an implicit intent to request that another capable app show a specified location on a map.
When you create an implicit intent, the Android system finds the appropriate component to start by comparing the contents of the intent to the intent filters declared in the manifest file of other apps on the device. If the intent matches an intent filter, the system starts that component and delivers it the Intent object. If multiple intent filters are compatible, the system displays a dialog so the user can pick which app to use.
An intent filter is an expression in an app's manifest file that specifies the type of intents that the component would like to receive. For instance, by declaring an intent filter for an activity, you make it possible for other apps to directly start your activity with a certain kind of intent. Likewise, if you do not declare any intent filters for an activity, then it can be started only with an explicit intent.
llustration of how an implicit intent is delivered through the system to start another activity:
- Activity A creates an Intent with an action description and passes it to startActivity().
- The Android System searches all apps for an intent filter that matches the intent. When a match is found,
- The system starts the matching activity (Activity B) by invoking its onCreate() method and passing it the Intent.
Building an Intent
An Intent object carries information that the Android system uses to determine which component to start (such as the exact component name or component category that should receive the intent), plus information that the recipient component uses in order to properly perform the action (such as the action to take and the data to act upon).
The primary information contained in an Intent are the following:
Component name - The name of the component to start.
This is optional, but it's the critical piece of information that makes an intent explicit. Without a component name, the intent is implicit and the system decides which component should receive the intent based on the other intent information.
Note: When starting a Service, you should always specify the component name. Otherwise, you cannot be certain what service will respond to the intent, and the user cannot see which service starts. Android 5.0 (API level 21) and on throws an Exception if you attempt to bind to an implicitIntent.
This field of the Intent is a ComponentName object, which you can specify using a fully qualified class name of the target component, including the package name of the app. You can set the component name with setComponent(), setClass(), setClassName(), or with the Intent constructor.
Action - A string that specifies the generic action to perform (such as view or pick).
In the case of a broadcast intent, this is the action that took place and is being reported. The action largely determines how the rest of the intent is structured—particularly what is contained in the data and extras.
You can specify your own actions for use by intents within your app (or for use by other apps to invoke components in your app), but you should usually use action constants defined by the Intent class or other framework classes. Here are some common actions for starting an activity:
ACTION_VIEW - Use this action in an intent with startActivity() when you have some information that an activity can show to the user, such as a photo to view in a gallery app, or an address to view in a map app.
ACTION_SEND - Also known as the "share" intent, you should use this in an intent with startActivity() when you have some data that the user can share through another app, such as an email app or social sharing app.
See the Intent class reference for more constants that define generic actions. Other actions are defined elsewhere in the Android framework, such as in Settings for actions that open specific screens in the system's Settings app.
You can specify the action for an intent with setAction() or with an Intent constructor.
If you define your own actions, be sure to include your app's package name as a prefix. For example:
static final String ACTION_TIMETRAVEL = "com.example.action.TIMETRAVEL";
Data - The URI that references the data to be acted on and/or the MIME type of that data. The type of data supplied is generally dictated by the intent's action. For example, if the action is ACTION_EDIT, the data should contain the URI of the document to edit.
When creating an intent, it's often important to specify the type of data (its MIME type) in addition to its URI. For example, an activity that's able to display images probably won't be able to play an audio file, even though the URI formats could be similar. So specifying the MIME type of your data helps the Android system find the best component to receive your intent. However, the MIME type can sometimes be inferred from the URI—particularly when the data is a content: URI, which indicates the data is located on the device and controlled by a ContentProvider, which makes the data MIME type visible to the system.
To set only the data URI, call setData(). To set only the MIME type, call setType(). If necessary, you can set both explicitly with setDataAndType().
Caution: If you want to set both the URI and MIME type, do not call setData() and setType() because they each nullify the value of the other. Always use setDataAndType() to set both URI and MIME type.
Category - A string containing additional information about the kind of component that should handle the intent. Any number of category descriptions can be placed in an intent, but most intents do not require a category. Here are some common categories:
CATEGORY_BROWSABLE - The target activity allows itself to be started by a web browser to display data referenced by a link—such as an image or an e-mail message.
CATEGORY_LAUNCHER - The activity is the initial activity of a task and is listed in the system's application launcher.
You can specify a category with addCategory().
These properties listed above (component name, action, data, and category) represent the defining characteristics of an intent. By reading these properties, the Android system is able to resolve which app component it should start.
However, an intent can carry additional information that does not affect how it is resolved to an app component. An intent can also supply:
Extras - Key-value pairs that carry additional information required to accomplish the requested action. Just as some actions use particular kinds of data URIs, some actions also use particular extras.
You can add extra data with various putExtra() methods, each accepting two parameters: the key name and the value. You can also create aBundle object with all the extra data, then insert the Bundle in the Intent with putExtras().
For example, when creating an intent to send an email with ACTION_SEND, you can specify the "to" recipient with the EXTRA_EMAIL key, and specify the "subject" with the EXTRA_SUBJECT key.
The Intent class specifies many EXTRA_* constants for standardized data types. If you need to declare your own extra keys (for intents that your app receives), be sure to include your app's package name as a prefix. For example:
static final String EXTRA_GIGAWATTS = "com.example.EXTRA_GIGAWATTS";
Flags - Flags defined in the Intent class that function as metadata for the intent. The flags may instruct the Android system how to launch an activity (for example, which task the activity should belong to) and how to treat it after it's launched (for example, whether it belongs in the list of recent activities).
For more information, see the setFlags() method.
Example Implicit Intent
An implicit intent specifies an action that can invoke any app on the device able to perform the action. Using an implicit intent is useful when your app cannot perform the action, but other apps probably can and you'd like the user to pick which app to use.
For example, if you have content you want the user to share with other people, create an intent with the ACTION_SEND action and add extras that specify the content to share. When you call startActivity() with that intent, the user can pick an app through which to share the content.
When startActivity() is called, the system examines all of the installed apps to determine which ones can handle this kind of intent (an intent with the ACTION_SEND action and that carries "text/plain" data). If there's only one app that can handle it, that app opens immediately and is given the intent. If multiple activities accept the intent, the system displays a dialog so the user can pick which app to use.
Caution: It is possible that a user won't have any apps that handle the implicit intent you send to startActivity(). If that happens, the call will fail and your app will crash. To verify that an activity will receive the intent, call resolveActivity() on your Intent object. If the result is non-null, then there is at least one app that can handle the intent and it is safe to call startActivity(). If the result is null, you should not use the intent and, if possible, you should disable the feature that issues the intent.
Forcing an app chooser
When there is more than one app that responds to your implicit intent, the user can select which app to use and make that app the default choice for the action. This is nice when performing an action for which the user probably wants to use the same app from now on, such as when opening a web page (users often prefer just one web browser) .
However, if multiple apps can respond to the intent and the user might want to use a different app each time, you should explicitly show a chooser dialog. The chooser dialog asks the user to select which app to use for the action every time (the user cannot select a default app for the action). For example, when your app performs "share" with the ACTION_SEND action, users may want to share using a different app depending on their current situation, so you should always use the chooser dialog.
To show the chooser, create an Intent using createChooser() and pass it to startActivity(). For example:
This displays a dialog with a list of apps that respond to the intent passed to the createChooser() method and uses the supplied text as the dialog title.
Intent Filter
To advertise which implicit intents your app can receive, declare one or more intent filters for each of your app components with an <intent-filter> element in your manifest file. Each intent filter specifies the type of intents it accepts based on the intent's action, data, and category. The system will deliver an implicit intent to your app component only if the intent can pass through one of your intent filters.
Note: An explicit intent is always delivered to its target, regardless of any intent filters the component declares.
An app component should declare separate filters for each unique job it can do. For example, one activity in an image gallery app may have two filters: one filter to view an image, and another filter to edit an image. When the activity starts, it inspects the Intent and decides how to behave based on the information in the Intent (such as to show the editor controls or not).
Each intent filter is defined by an <intent-filter> element in the app's manifest file, nested in the corresponding app component (such as an <activity> element). Inside the <intent-filter>, you can specify the type of intents to accept using one or more of these three elements:
- <action> - Declares the intent action accepted, in the name attribute. The value must be the literal string value of an action, not the class constant.
- <data> - Declares the type of data accepted, using one or more attributes that specify various aspects of the data URI (scheme, host, port, path, etc.) and MIME type.
- <category> - Declares the intent category accepted, in the name attribute. The value must be the literal string value of an action, not the class constant.
For example, here's an activity declaration with an intent filter to receive an ACTION_SEND intent when the data type is text:
A filter may include more than one instance of <action>, <data>, or <category>. If you do, the component should handle any and all combinations of those filter elements.
When you want to handle multiple kinds of intents, but only in specific combinations of action, data, and category type, you need to create multiple intent filters.
An implicit intent is tested against a filter by comparing the intent to each of the three elements. To be delivered to the component, the intent must pass all three tests. If it fails to match even one of them, the Android system won't deliver the intent to the component. However, because a component may have multiple intent filters, an intent that does not pass through one of a component's filters might make it through on another filter.
Restricting access to components
Using an intent filter is not a secure way to prevent other apps from starting your components. Although intent filters restrict a component to respond to only certain kinds of implicit intents, another app can potentially start your app component by using an explicit intent if the developer determines your component names. If it's important that only your own app is able to start one of your components, set the exported attribute to "false" for that component.
Caution: To avoid inadvertently running a different app's Service, always use an explicit intent to start your own service and do not declare intent filters for your service.
Note: For all activities, you must declare your intent filters in the manifest file. However, filters for broadcast receivers can be registered dynamically by calling registerReceiver(). You can then unregister the receiver with unregisterReceiver(). Doing so allows your app to listen for specific broadcasts during only a specified period of time while your app is running.
Pending Intent
A PendingIntent object is a wrapper around an Intent object. The primary purpose of a PendingIntent is to grant permission to a foreign application to use the contained Intent as if it were executed from your app's own process.
Major use cases for a pending intent include:
- Declare an intent to be executed when the user performs an action with your Notification (the Android system's NotificationManager executes the Intent).
- Declare an intent to be executed when the user performs an action with your App Widget (the Home screen app executes the Intent).
- Declare an intent to be executed at a specified time in the future (the Android system's AlarmManager executes the Intent).
Because each Intent object is designed to be handled by a specific type of app component (either an Activity, a Service, or a BroadcastReceiver), so too must a PendingIntent be created with the same consideration. When using a pending intent, your app will not execute the intent with a call such as startActivity(). You must instead declare the intended component type when you create the PendingIntent by calling the respective creator method:
- PendingIntent.getActivity() for an Intent that starts an Activity.
- PendingIntent.getService() for an Intent that starts a Service.
- PendingIntent.getBroadcast() for a Intent that starts an BroadcastReceiver.
Unless your app is receiving pending intents from other apps, the above methods to create a PendingIntent are the only methods you'll probably ever need.
Each method takes the current app Context, the Intent you want to wrap, and one or more flags that specify how the intent should be used (such as whether the intent can be used more than once).
Intent Resolution
When the system receives an implicit intent to start an activity, it searches for the best activity for the intent by comparing the intent to intent filters based on three aspects:
- The intent action
- The intent data (both URI and data type)
- The intent category
Action Test
To specify accepted intent actions, an intent filter can declare zero or more
To get through this filter, the action specified in the Intent must match one of the actions listed in the filter.
If the filter does not list any actions, there is nothing for an intent to match, so all intents fail the test. However, if an Intent does not specify an action, it will pass the test (as long as the filter contains at least one action).
Category Test
To specify accepted intent categories, an intent filter can declare zero or more
For an intent to pass the category test, every category in the Intent must match a category in the filter. The reverse is not necessary—the intent filter may declare more categories than are specified in the Intent and the Intent will still pass. Therefore, an intent with no categories should always pass this test, regardless of what categories are declared in the filter.
Note: Android automatically applies the the CATEGORY_DEFAULT category to all implicit intents passed to startActivity() and startActivityForResult(). So if you want your activity to receive implicit intents, it must include a category for "android.intent.category.DEFAULT" in its intent filters as shown in the example.
Data Test
To specify accepted intent data, an intent filter can declare zero or more <data> elements. For example:
Each <data> element can specify a URI structure and a data type (MIME media type). There are separate attributes — scheme, host, port, and path — for each part of the URI:
For example:
content://com.example.project:200/folder/subfolder/etc
In this URI, the scheme is content, the host is com.example.project, the port is 200, and the path is folder/subfolder/etc.
Each of these attributes is optional in a <data> element, but there are linear dependencies:
- If a scheme is not specified, the host is ignored.
- If a host is not specified, the port is ignored.
- If both the scheme and host are not specified, the path is ignored.
When the URI in an intent is compared to a URI specification in a filter, it's compared only to the parts of the URI included in the filter. For example:
- If a filter specifies only a scheme, all URIs with that scheme match the filter.
- If a filter specifies a scheme and an authority but no path, all URIs with the same scheme and authority pass the filter, regardless of their paths.
- If a filter specifies a scheme, an authority, and a path, only URIs with the same scheme, authority, and path pass the filter.
Note: A path specification can contain a wildcard asterisk (*) to require only a partial match of the path name.
The data test compares both the URI and the MIME type in the intent to a URI and MIME type specified in the filter. The rules are as follows:
- An intent that contains neither a URI nor a MIME type passes the test only if the filter does not specify any URIs or MIME types.
- An intent that contains a URI but no MIME type (neither explicit nor inferable from the URI) passes the test only if its URI matches the filter's URI format and the filter likewise does not specify a MIME type.
- An intent that contains a MIME type but not a URI passes the test only if the filter lists the same MIME type and does not specify a URI format.
- An intent that contains both a URI and a MIME type (either explicit or inferable from the URI) passes the MIME type part of the test only if that type matches a type listed in the filter. It passes the URI part of the test either if its URI matches a URI in the filter or if it has a content:or file: URI and the filter does not specify a URI. In other words, a component is presumed to support content: and file: data if its filter lists only a MIME type.
This last rule, reflects the expectation that components are able to get local data from a file or content provider. Therefore, their filters can list just a data type and do not need to explicitly name the content: and file: schemes. This is a typical case. A <data> element like the following, for example, tells Android that the component can get image data from a content provider and display it:
Because most available data is dispensed by content providers, filters that specify a data type but not a URI are perhaps the most common.
Another common configuration is filters with a scheme and a data type. For example, a <data> element like the following tells Android that the component can retrieve video data from the network in order to perform the action:
Intent Matching
Intents are matched against intent filters not only to discover a target component to activate, but also to discover something about the set of components on the device. For example, the Home app populates the app launcher by finding all the activities with intent filters that specify the ACTION_MAIN action and CATEGORY_LAUNCHER category.
Your application can use intent matching in a similar way. The PackageManager has a set of queryXxx() methods that return all components that can accept a particular intent, and a similar series of resolveXxx() methods that determine the best component to respond to an intent. For example, queryIntentActivities() returns a list of all activities that can perform the intent passed as an argument, and queryIntentServices() returns a similar list of services. Neither method activates the components; they just list the ones that can respond. There is a similar method, queryBroadcastReceivers(), for broadcast receivers.
Work on Lab3 and Lab4